Timeline India

Category: National

  • Supreme Court Dismisses Kangana Ranaut’s Plea to Quash Complaint Over Farmers’ Protest Tweet

    New Delhi, September 12, 2025: The Supreme Court on September 12, 2025, refused to entertain a petition by Kangana Ranaut, actress and BJP MP, seeking to quash a criminal defamation complaint filed against her for a tweet related to the 2021 farmers’ protests. The bench, comprising Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta, dismissed the petition as withdrawn after warning that further arguments could prejudice her defense in the trial.

    The case stems from a tweet where Ranaut retweeted a post about Mahinder Kaur, an elderly woman protester, mistakenly linking her to Bilkis Dadi of the Shaheen Bagh protests. Ranaut’s comment, stating, “She is the same dadi who featured in Time magazine for being the most powerful Indian…. And she is available in 100 rupees,” was deemed defamatory by the complainant. The tweet implied that protesters like Kaur were available for hire, sparking outrage.

    Justice Mehta remarked, “It was not a simple re-tweet. You have added your own comments. You have added spice,” rejecting Ranaut’s counsel’s claim that a clarification had been issued. The bench advised that such clarifications should be presented before the trial court and suggested Ranaut could seek exemption from personal appearance, noting her counsel’s claim that she faced safety concerns in Punjab.

    The Punjab and Haryana High Court had previously rejected Ranaut’s plea to quash the summoning order, upholding the Magistrate’s finding that her tweet prima facie constituted an offense under Section 499 of the IPC (defamation). The High Court dismissed her argument that the tweet was made in good faith, citing the 9th and 10th Exceptions to Section 499, which protect imputations made for public good or in good faith. The court clarified that while a Magistrate may consider these exceptions, failure to do so does not render the summoning order illegal.

    Additionally, the High Court noted that the complainant’s decision to target only Ranaut, and not the original tweet’s author, did not indicate mala fide intent. It also ruled that the absence of a report from Twitter Communications India Private Limited (TCIPL) on whether Ranaut made the retweet did not affect the Magistrate’s jurisdiction under Section 202 of the CrPC, as TCIPL was not the owner of Twitter’s platform.

  • India gets new VP! CP Radhakrishnan sworn in as 15th vice-president; Jagdeep Dhankhar attends

    NEW DELHI: CP Radhakrishnan on Friday took oath as the 15th vice-president of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan, with President Droupadi Murmu administering the oath.

    The ceremony was attended by senior leaders including Prime Minister Modi, Amit Shah, and Rajnath Singh. Former vice-presidents Jagdeep Dhankhar, Venkaiah Naidu, and Hamid Ansari were also present.
    Dignitaries included Odisha chief minister Mohan Charan Majhi, Karnataka governor Thaawarchand Gehlot, Andhra Pradesh chief minister N Chandrababu Naidu, Punjab governor and Chandigarh administrator Gulab Chand Kataria, Jharkhand governor Santosh Gangwar, and Madhya Pradesh chief minister Mohan Yadav.

    After the ceremony, Radhakrishnan paid floral tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat.

  • NDA Candidate C.P. Radhakrishnan Elected as Vice President of India

    NDA Candidate, emerged victorious, defeating the opposition INDIA bloc candidate, Justice (retd) B. Sudershan Reddy. The election results were announced on September 9, 2025, following a direct contest between the two candidates.

    The election saw participation from 767 Members of Parliament (MPs) out of the 781-member electoral college, with 14 MPs absent. C.P. Radhakrishnan secured 452 first-preference votes, while B. Sudershan Reddy received 300 votes. Additionally, 15 votes were declared invalid, and 13 MPs reportedly engaged in cross-voting, as per official reports. The NDA’s comfortable majority in the electoral college, comprising members of both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, ensured Radhakrishnan’s win.

    Radhakrishnan, a veteran Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader and the current Governor of Maharashtra, becomes the 15th Vice President of India and the third leader from Tamil Nadu to hold the post, succeeding Jagdeep Dhankhar, who resigned on July 21, 2025, citing health reasons. Radhakrishnan’s extensive political career includes serving as a two-time Lok Sabha MP from Coimbatore, former Tamil Nadu BJP State President, and Governor of Jharkhand, with additional charges as Governor of Telangana and Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry.

    Union Home Minister Amit Shah congratulated Radhakrishnan, expressing confidence that his leadership would strengthen parliamentary democracy. Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge, while extending best wishes, urged the new Vice President to uphold parliamentary traditions and ensure fairness for the opposition.

  • Mumbai Bomb Threat: Ashwini Kumar Arrested for Threatening Attack with 400 kg RDX

    Mumbai, September 6, 2025: In a swift response to a chilling bomb threat, the Mumbai Crime Branch has arrested Ashwini Kumar Supra from Noida, Uttar Pradesh, for allegedly threatening to carry out a massive explosion in Mumbai using 400 kg of RDX. The accused, originally from Bihar and residing in Noida for the past five years, was apprehended in Sector-113, Noida, within 24 hours of the threat. The police have recovered the mobile phone and SIM card used to send the threatening message.

    On Thursday, September 4, 2025, a message was sent to the Mumbai Traffic Police’s WhatsApp helpline, claiming that 34 vehicles across the city were rigged with human bombs and that 14 terrorists had entered Mumbai with 400 kg of RDX to execute an attack that would “shake the entire city.” The threat, linked to an organization claiming to be Lashkar-e-Jihadi, coincided with preparations for Anant Chaturdashi, the final day of Ganesh Chaturthi, prompting heightened security measures across Mumbai.

    The Mumbai Police, already on high alert for the festival, launched an immediate investigation. The Crime Branch traced the message to Ashwini Kumar, who was detained and handed over to Mumbai authorities for further questioning. Preliminary investigations suggest the threat was a hoax, but the police are conducting a thorough probe to ascertain the motive and rule out any accomplices.

  • Centre’s Major GST Overhaul: Slabs Reduced to Two (5% and 18%), Hundreds of Items to Get Cheaper from September 22

    New Delhi, September 3, 2025: The GST Council, in its 56th meeting chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, approved a landmark overhaul of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) structure, reducing the four main slabs (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) to two slabs of 5% and 18%, effective from September 22, 2025, the start of Navratri. A special 40% slab will apply to “sin goods” like tobacco and luxury items, while cigarettes and similar items retain 28% plus compensation cess until loan repayments are cleared.

    The reforms aim to boost consumption ahead of the festive season, address inverted duty structures in textiles and fertilizers, ease MSME compliance, and counter export challenges from US tariffs. Sitharaman emphasized that the changes prioritize the “common man and middle class.” GST on individual life and health insurance policies (term, ULIP, endowment, family floaters, senior citizens) and reinsurance is now exempt (0%), enhancing affordability.

    “This is a simpler, growth-oriented GST reform,” Sitharaman said. “We’ve corrected inversions, removed disputes, and ensured economic momentum with state support.”

    Key Changes: What’s Cheaper and What’s Costlier Nearly 99% of items in the 12% slab move to 5%, and 90% in the 28% slab shift to 18%. Essentials like paneer, Indian breads (roti, paratha), and namkeens are now at 0% or 5%, while luxury goods like large cars and tobacco face 40%. Below is a table of major rate changes (sourced from the Ministry of Finance):

    GST Rate Changes Table

    DescriptionFrom (%)To (%)
    Condensed milk125
    Butter, ghee, oil125
    Cheese125
    Paneer or chenna50
    Dates125
    Fish and caviar, prepared and preserved125
    Shrimps and prawns, prepared and preserved125
    Refined sugar (flavored/colored), sugar cubes125
    Confectionery185
    Cocoa powder185
    Chocolates and other food preparations185
    Pasta125
    Pastry, cakes, biscuits, bread185
    Pizza bread50
    Khakhra, chapathi, roti50
    Jams and fruit jellies125
    Tender coconut water125
    Coffee extracts185
    Coffee125
    Mustard, mayonnaise125
    Soups and broth185
    Ice cream185
    Paratha, parotta, other Indian breads180
    Namkeens125
    Pan masala2840
    Diabetic foods125
    Drinking water125
    Mineral/aerated waters185
    Aerated beverages with sugar2840
    Non-alcoholic beverages1840
    Plant-based milk185
    Soya milk drinks125
    Fruit juice125
    Carbonated beverages with fruit juice2840
    Beverages containing milk125
    Caffeinated beverages2840
    Cigars and cigarettes2840
    Bidis2818
    Tobacco2840
    Retail medicines125
    Bandages, dressing125
    Talcum powder, face powder185
    Hair oil, shampoo185
    Dental floss, toothpaste185
    Tooth powder125
    Shaving cream, lotion, aftershave185
    Agarbatti1218
    Toilet soap185
    Candles, tapers125
    Handcrafted candles125
    Silicon wafers125
    All diagnostic kits125
    Tyre for tractors185
    Handbags125
    Wood, stone idols125
    Handicraft125
    Exercise books, graph books, notebooks120
    Maps120
    Carpets125
    Handmade/hand embroidered shawls125
    Apparel over Rs 2,5001218
    Footwear less than Rs 2,500 per pair125
    Umbrellas125
    Mathematical/geometry/colour boxes125
    Wind mills125
    PV cells125
    ACs2818
    Solar water heater125
    Dishwashing machines2818
    TVs2818
    Motor cars (other)2840
    Petrol cars (≤1200cc, ≤4000mm)2818
    Diesel cars (≤1500cc, ≤4000mm)2818
    Ambulances2818
    Three-wheeled vehicles2818
    Hybrids (≤1200cc, ≤4000mm)2818
    Hybrids (>1200cc or >4000mm)2840
    Bodies for motor vehicles2818
    Parts and accessories (auto)2818
    Bumpers and parts for tractors185
    Motorcycles (≤350cc)2818
    Motorcycles (>350cc)2840
    Bicycles, non-motorized125
    Yachts, vessels for pleasure/sports2840
    Glucometer and test strips125
    Contact lenses, spectacle lenses125
    Spectacle frames, mountings125
    Spectacles, corrective125
    Thermometers185
    Revolvers and pistols2840
    Pencils, crayons120
    Smoking pipes2840
    Combs, hair pins125

    Additional Notes:

    • Exemptions: GST on 33 life-saving drugs reduced to 0% from 12%; 3 cancer/rare disease drugs to 0% from 5%; several drugs to 5% from 12%. All individual life/health insurance policies (term, ULIP, endowment, family floaters, senior citizens) and reinsurance now 0% from 18%.
    • Agriculture and Handicrafts: Tractors, agricultural machinery, 12 bio-pesticides, natural menthol, handicrafts, marble/granite blocks to 5% from 12%. Cement to 18% from 28%.
    • Textiles and Fertilizers: Man-made fibre to 5% from 18%, yarn to 5% from 12% (textile inversion fix). Sulfuric/nitric acid, ammonia to 5% from 18% (fertilizer fix).
    • Renewable Energy: Biogas plants, windmills, PV cells, solar heaters to 5% from 12%.
    • Tobacco: Retains 28% plus cess until loan repayment; transition to 40% to be set by FM.

    Broader Impacts The reforms introduce pre-filled returns, automated refunds, and simplified registration for MSMEs. The end of compensation cess by March 2026 frees fiscal space, though states like Jammu & Kashmir flagged revenue concerns. Experts estimate a ₹5.31 lakh crore (1.6% GDP) consumption boost, countering export risks from US tariffs. The second meeting day on September 4 will finalize transition details.

    Read Full List HERE

  • Supreme Court: Governors Cannot Delay Bills Indefinitely

    New Delhi, September 3, 2025: On September 2, 2025, three judges of a five-judge Presidential Reference Bench of the Supreme Court—Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai, Justice Vikram Nath, and Justice P.S. Narasimha—orally observed that Governors cannot indefinitely delay granting assent to Bills passed by State legislatures. The remarks were made during a hearing involving the States of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, which raised concerns about gubernatorial delays impeding the constitutional process.

    The bench emphasized that Governors, as constitutional authorities, cannot obstruct the functioning of the Constitution or delay the legislative process without justification. “No organ can impair the functioning of the Constitution,” Justice Narasimha stated. The judges underscored that Governors must act with urgency, as legislation reflects the “sovereign will” of the people and addresses the pressing needs of the time.

    Tamil Nadu, represented by Senior Advocates A.M. Singhvi and P. Wilson, argued that Governors “cannot assume to be royalty in a Republic,” while West Bengal, represented by Senior Advocate Kapil Sibal, stressed the need for collaborative, not combative, functioning among constitutional offices. “When the Constitution mandates that a Governor should act with immediacy, why should he hold back Bills? Legislation is a sovereign act. It cannot wait,” Sibal argued.

    Sibal further contended that allowing Governors absolute power to withhold Bills under Article 200 of the Constitution, as argued by the Centre, would lead to “absurdity” and disrupt the constitutional framework. “States cannot go in search of political solutions to coax Governors’ assent,” he said, warning that unchecked gubernatorial delays could jeopardize the “future of India.”

    Background of the Presidential Reference

    The hearing stems from a Presidential Reference filed in May 2025, questioning the three-month deadline imposed by a two-judge Supreme Court bench in the Tamil Nadu Governor case on April 8, 2025. The earlier ruling addressed the delay by the Tamil Nadu Governor in granting assent to 10 State Bills since 2020, mandating that Governors and the President decide on Bills within three months, failing which the Bills would be “deemed” to have received assent and become law.

    The current bench expressed reservations about imposing a “general” three-month deadline for all cases. Justice Vikram Nath questioned, “What happens if the three-month limit is not followed? Why is it only ‘deemed assent’? Why not ‘deemed withholding’ or ‘deemed referral to the President’?” He also raised concerns about whether setting such timelines would require constitutional amendments, as they might overstep judicial authority.

    Chief Justice Gavai noted that different Bills have varying exigencies and timelines, making a uniform deadline potentially impractical. “A broad brushstroke of a general timeline applicable to all cases may amount to judicial overreach,” he remarked. Justice Narasimha suggested that time limits could be prescribed on a case-by-case basis, considering specific circumstances.

    Arguments and Counterarguments

    Singhvi, representing Tamil Nadu, explained that the three-month deadline in the Tamil Nadu case was set due to the “endemic and repetitive” nature of gubernatorial delays, citing similar issues in Kerala and other states. He argued that Bills are crafted to address the “felt necessity of the times” and cannot be stalled indefinitely.

    Sibal elaborated on the Governor’s role, stating, “The Governor is not a postman. He has certain discretion. If he feels a Bill requires consideration by the President, he can consult lawyers and refer it. He can also send it back to the Assembly with suggestions for amendments. But he cannot sit back and do nothing.” He emphasized that Governors, as part of the Executive, must deliver the will of the Legislature to the people through a collaborative and amicable process.

    The Centre’s argument, defending the Governors’ discretion under Article 200, was met with skepticism by the bench and the states, who argued that such powers must not undermine the constitutional scheme.

    The hearing continues as the bench deliberates whether to uphold, modify, or set aside the three-month deadline, with significant implications for the balance of power between Governors and State legislatures.

  • Delhi High Court Denies Bail to Umar Khalid, Sharjeel Imam, and Seven Others in 2020 Riots UAPA Case

    New Delhi, September 2, 2025: The Delhi High Court on Tuesday dismissed the bail pleas of Umar Khalid, Sharjeel Imam, and seven other accused in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) case linked to the alleged “larger conspiracy” behind the 2020 North-East Delhi riots. The verdict was delivered by a division bench comprising Justice Naveen Chawla and Justice Shalinder Kaur at 2:30 PM.

    The other accused whose bail pleas were rejected include Athar Khan, Khalid Saifi, Mohd. Saleem Khan, Shifa ur Rehman, Meeran Haider, Gulfisha Fatima, and Shadab Ahmed. All had challenged trial court orders denying them bail in the case, which stems from FIR 59 of 2020, registered by the Delhi Police’s Special Cell under various sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, and the UAPA, 1967.

    Arrest Details of the Accused

    Name of AccusedDate of Arrest
    Sharjeel ImamJanuary 28, 2020
    Umar KhalidSeptember 13, 2020
    Athar KhanJune 29, 2020
    Khalid SaifiFebruary 26, 2020
    Mohd. Saleem KhanJune 24, 2020
    Shifa ur RehmanApril 26, 2020
    Meeran HaiderApril 1, 2020
    Gulfisha FatimaApril 4, 2020
    Shadab AhmedJune 11, 2020

    Key Arguments from the Defense

    During the hearings, Umar Khalid, represented by Senior Advocate Trideep Pais, argued that mere membership in WhatsApp groups without sending messages does not constitute criminal activity. Pais contended that no incriminating evidence, such as money or weapons, was recovered from Khalid. He also challenged the prosecution’s claim of a “secret meeting” on February 23-24, 2020, asserting it was a public gathering, not clandestine as alleged.

    Khalid Saifi, represented by Senior Advocate Rebecca John, questioned the applicability of UAPA based on “innocuous messages” and the prosecution’s attempt to weave narratives from them. John argued, “Can UAPA, on the basis of innocuous messages or their attempt to make stories out of such messages, become a reason to deny me bail or even a ground to prosecute me under UAPA?” She also sought bail on grounds of parity, noting that co-accused Asif Iqbal Tanha, Devangana Kalita, and Natasha Narwal were granted bail by the High Court in June 2021.

    Sharjeel Imam, represented by Advocate Talib Mustafa, maintained that he was “completely disconnected” from the co-accused and had no involvement in any conspiracy or related meetings. Mustafa highlighted that the prosecution’s allegations against Imam were limited to a speech delivered in Bihar on January 23, 2020, with no subsequent overt acts linking him to the riots.

    Prosecution’s Opposition

    The Delhi Police, represented by Solicitor General Tushar Mehta and Special Public Prosecutor Amit Prasad, strongly opposed the bail pleas. Mehta argued that the accused intended to “globally defame the nation” by orchestrating riots on a specific date, coinciding with the visit of then-US President Donald Trump on February 24, 2020. He stated, “If you are doing something against the nation, you better be in jail till you are acquitted or convicted.” The prosecution described the riots as a “clinical and pathological conspiracy,” rejecting claims of spontaneous violence.

    Case Background

    The 2020 North-East Delhi riots, which left 53 dead and over 700 injured, erupted during protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and National Register of Citizens (NRC). The accused, including Tahir Hussain, Umar Khalid, Khalid Saifi, Isharat Jahan, Meeran Haider, Gulfisha Fatima, Shifa-Ur-Rehman, Asif Iqbal Tanha, Shadab Ahmed, Tasleem Ahmed, Saleem Malik, Mohd. Saleem Khan, Athar Khan, Safoora Zargar, Sharjeel Imam, Faizan Khan, and Natasha Narwal, are alleged to be the masterminds behind the violence.

    The bail pleas, pending since 2022, faced delays due to judicial recusals and adjournments.

    Related Developments

    On the same day, a coordinate bench comprising Justice Subramonium Prasad and Justice Harish Vaidyanathan Shankar dismissed the bail plea of co-accused Tasleem Ahmed, reinforcing the stringent application of UAPA in this case.

    The court’s decision highlights the challenges of securing bail under UAPA’s rigorous provisions, with ongoing scrutiny of the trial’s progress and the accused’s prolonged incarceration.

  • Delhi High Court Denies Bail to Tasleem Ahmed in UAPA Larger Conspiracy Case Linked to 2020 Riots

    New Delhi, September 2, 2025: The Delhi High Court on Tuesday dismissed the bail plea of Tasleem Ahmed, one of the accused in a high-profile Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) case alleging a larger conspiracy behind the 2020 North-East Delhi riots. The decision was pronounced by a division bench comprising Justice Subramonium Prasad and Justice Harish Vaidyanathan Shankar.

    Tasleem Ahmed was arrested on June 19, 2020, and has been in custody since then. During the hearings, the bench had previously questioned the Delhi Police on the duration an accused can remain in jail, noting that it has been five years since the riots. The verdict was reserved on July 9 after arguments from Advocate Mehmood Pracha, representing Ahmed, and Special Public Prosecutor (SPP) Amit Prasad for the Delhi Police.

    Pracha highlighted the significant delay in the trial, emphasizing that his client had not sought even a single adjournment before the trial court and had concluded arguments on charges in just 10-15 minutes on a single day. Despite this, Ahmed has been in jail for five years. He argued, “Forget speedy trial, my bail application is not being heard. It is not about the trial. I am forced to… I can’t think of a better word. I am compelled to give up my rights even when arguing my bail due to the burden. That is the effect of overburdening of the system. I am making a statement at the bar that if I took even one adjournment, my bail may be cancelled.”

    In response, SPP Amit Prasad contended that delay alone cannot justify granting bail under Section 43D(4) of UAPA. He further argued that the High Court cannot grant interim bail while hearing an appeal against the trial court’s rejection of bail, unless there are emergent reasons.

    The case originates from FIR 59 of 2020, registered by the Delhi Police’s Special Cell under various sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. It pertains to an alleged conspiracy in the communal violence that erupted in North-East Delhi in February 2020, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries.

    A coordinate bench of the Delhi High Court is scheduled to pronounce orders today at 2:30 PM on bail pleas filed by co-accused including Umar Khalid, Sharjeel Imam, Mohd. Saleem Khan, Shifa ur Rehman, Shadab Ahmed, Athar Khan, Khalid Saifi, and Gulfisha Fatima.

  • BSF Invites Applications for 3,588 Constable (Tradesman) Vacancies

    Udupi, August 22, 2025 – The Border Security Force (BSF) has announced a recruitment drive for 3,588 Constable (Tradesman) positions, comprising 3,406 vacancies for male candidates and 182 for female candidates. Applications must be submitted online through the official BSF recruitment portal, rectt.bsf.gov.in, with the deadline set for August 23, 2025.

    Eligibility Criteria:

    • Educational Qualification: Candidates must have passed 10th grade from a recognized institution and hold a minimum 2-year ITI certificate or equivalent in the relevant trade. Some trades may require experience certification.
    • Age Limit: 18 to 25 years as of August 23, 2025. Age relaxation is provided as per government norms: 5 years for SC/ST and 3 years for OBC candidates.
    • Application Fee: ₹100 for General/OBC candidates; SC/ST and female candidates are exempt.
    • Selection Process: The recruitment involves a Physical Standard Test (PST), Physical Efficiency Test (PET), written examination, document verification, trade test (if applicable), and medical examination.
    • Salary: Selected candidates will be placed in Pay Matrix Level-3 (₹21,700–₹69,100) as per the 7th CPC, along with allowances like House Rent Allowance and Dearness Allowance.

    Application Process:

    1. Visit rectt.bsf.gov.in and navigate to “Current Recruitment Openings.”
    2. Select the Constable (Tradesman) advertisement (Advt No. CT_trade_07/2025).
    3. Register and fill out the online application form with personal and educational details.
    4. Upload required documents, including 10th certificate, ITI certificate, photo, and signature.
    5. Pay the application fee (if applicable) via online modes like UPI, net banking, or debit/credit card.
    6. Submit and print the application for future reference.

    Important Dates:

    • Application Start: July 26, 2025
    • Application Deadline: August 23, 2025
    • Correction Window: August 24–26, 2025 (with a ₹100 correction fee)

    Candidates are advised to check the detailed notification on the BSF website for trade-specific vacancies, physical standards, and other requirements. The selection process prioritizes physical fitness and trade proficiency to ensure candidates meet the demands of serving in India’s premier border security force.

  • New Delhi: No Toll Charges for Two-Wheelers on National Highways, Confirms Ministry

    New Delhi, August 21, 2025: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has reaffirmed that two-wheelers, including motorcycles and scooters, are exempt from toll charges on all national highways and expressways across India. The clarification, issued on Thursday, addresses false social media claims suggesting that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) planned to impose tolls on two-wheelers. According to the National Highway Fee Rules, 2008, toll fees are applicable only to four-wheeled and larger vehicles, and officials confirmed there is no proposal to extend charges to two-wheelers.

    The ministry’s statement comes amid heightened public interest in toll policies, with NHAI reporting robust sales of FASTag-based annual toll permits. Over five lakh permits were sold within four days, generating ₹150 crore in revenue. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Haryana led in the purchase of these annual passes, reflecting strong adoption of digital toll payment systems in these states.

    This clarification is expected to ease concerns among two-wheeler users, who constitute a significant portion of India’s road traffic, while the NHAI continues to streamline toll collection for larger vehicles through initiatives like FASTag.